NDT ( RT ) Theory and Demonstration

- Introduction to NDT and Radiographic Testing (RT)

- Overview of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods and their role in quality control and safety

- Basic principles of Radiographic Testing (RT) and its advantages in detecting internal defects

- Common applications of RT across industries such as aerospace, oil & gas, manufacturing, and construction

- Fundamentals of Radiographic Testing (RT)

- Introduction to ionizing radiation: X-rays and gamma rays

- How RT works: The interaction of radiation with materials and its ability to reveal internal discontinuities

- The role of film or digital detectors in capturing radiographic images

- The concept of image contrast and density, and how these relate to material thickness and defect types

- Radiographic Testing Equipment

- Overview of RT equipment: X-ray machines, gamma-ray sources, film and digital radiography systems

- Safety features and operational components of RT equipment

- Selection of appropriate radiation sources: X-rays vs. gamma rays (e.g., cobalt-60, iridium-192)

- Calibration and setup of radiographic systems for accurate results

- Principles of Radiation and Image Formation

- How radiation passes through materials and the principles of absorption, attenuation, and scatter

- The formation of radiographic images and how defects cause changes in radiation transmission

- Understanding image quality: resolution, contrast, and exposure settings

- Factors influencing the final radiograph: exposure time, radiation energy, film type, and object thickness

- Techniques for Conducting Radiographic Inspections

- Step-by-step RT inspection procedures: setup, exposure, image development/processing

- Radiographic inspection techniques: single-wall, double-wall, and panoramic exposures

- Use of radiographic films, digital radiography (DR), and computed tomography (CT) in inspection

- Importance of proper film or detector positioning for high-quality results

- Calculating exposure times and radiation doses

- Interpreting Radiographic Images

- How to read radiographs and identify potential defects such as cracks, voids, porosity, and inclusions

- Differentiating between real indications and artifacts caused by geometry, shadows, or radiation scatter

- Understanding image density and contrast for defect characterization

- Types of defects typically detected in RT (e.g., linear cracks, incomplete welds, corrosion, or porosity)

- Evaluating defect size, location, and orientation from radiographs

- Safety Considerations in Radiographic Testing

- Radiation safety protocols for operators, technicians, and surrounding personnel

- Understanding radiation exposure limits, shielding, and distance rules

- Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), including lead aprons, radiation badges, and barriers

- Safe handling of radioactive sources (gamma rays) and X-ray equipment

- Regulatory guidelines and safety standards (e.g., OSHA, NRC, IAEA)

- Radiographic Testing Standards and Codes

- Overview of industry standards: ASTM, ASME, ISO, and API related to RT

- Acceptance criteria for defects (size, location, and type) based on RT results

- RT reporting requirements and documentation practices for compliance with standards

- Importance of traceability and the proper handling of radiographs for future reference

- Practical Demonstration and Hands-On Experience

- Live demonstration of the RT process, including exposure setup, radiograph development, and interpretation of results

- Hands-on experience with radiographic equipment: Participants conduct inspections on test samples such as welds, pipes, and plates

- Evaluation of radiographs: Participants interpret results and identify defects in the radiographic images

- Troubleshooting common issues in RT: Overexposure, underexposure, and improper image interpretation

- Report Writing and Documentation in RT

- Best practices for documenting and reporting radiographic test results

- How to create clear and accurate inspection reports, including defect descriptions, images, and measurements

- Creating a radiographic inspection record for compliance with quality assurance and safety standards

- Certification and Competence in Radiographic Testing

- Overview of RT certification levels (Level I, II, III) and the qualifications required for each level

- Importance of maintaining certification through ongoing training and experience

- Role of RT technicians in ensuring the integrity of critical structures and safety of operations